AWWA JAW17221
Journal AWWA - Converting From Chlorine to Chloramines: A Case Study
Journal Article by American Water Works Association , 01/01/1985
Kreft, Peter;Umphres, Mark;Hand, Jeanne-Marie;Tate, Carol;McGuire, Michael J.;Trussell, R. Rhodes
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The Metropolitan Water District of California has converted its disinfection process from free chlorine to combined chlorine (chloramines) to reduce trihalomethane (THM) levels. This change will allow member agencies to comply with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) THM regulation. This involved the largest changeover in disinfection processes for any utility in the United States. A number of issues were considered in deciding to use chloramines. These issues included: chlorine and chloramine chemistry; disinfection capability; tastes and odors; effects on uncovered reservoirs and swimming pools; effectiveness of chloramine residuals in distribution system piping; health effects of chloramines; implications for Metropolitan member agencies; technological feasibility, and costs. Includes 30 references, tables, figures.
