This paper discusses the rationale behind the New York Department of Health's (DOH) development and implementation of the Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) plan. The DOH solicited wide-ranging public participation and began forming program partnerships during the development of the SWAP plan. The overall purpose of the SWAP is to evaluate potential threats to public health associated with particular public drinking water sources, and thereby provide insight into source water management and protection needs. These threats to public health can be both natural and anthropogenic in origin. All waters vary in the degree to which they are naturally protected from contamination, as the amounts and types of potential contaminants vary by location. An understanding of both a public water supply's threats of, and barriers to, contamination allows for the development of a realistic and effective source water protection plan.