AWWA ACE95016

When the 1.6 gallon toilet movement started about fifteen years ago, it would have been hard to imagine the degree of controversy that would unfold as these toilets found their way into local, state and federal regulations, various city and utility conservation programs and an enormous variety of residential and commercial situations. What started as a reasonably straightforward attempt to change the national standard for plumbing fixtures to include the new technology has become a convolution of successes, failures and yet-to-be answered questions. This paper presents background information regarding ultra low flow toilets (ULF) and offers the San Jose, California, study of ULF toilets in hotels/motels, office buildings, restaurants, convalescent hospitals, retail stores and two public use facilities as examples of the performance of ULFs.