The model for energy management presented in this Technical Report is generic and representative of a wide range of situations. Since one model cannot be completely comprehensive other models or operating modes may be more appropriate for certain applications.

This model for energy management accommodates a range of load control strategies. Examples of implementations that could be described with this model include:

• the CELECT Intelligent Load Management System in the United Kingdom. The utility transmits electricity cost data and forecasted outdoor air temperatures to residential heater controllers;
• the “bleu, blanc, rouge” technique used by Electricité de France to announce price tiers one day in advance. The tier signal is displayed using a blue, white or red light to alert the customer;
• real-time pricing experiments by Consolidated Edison of New York and by Pacific Gas and Electric, both in the United States.